This continues our series on polar medicine and picks up where part one left off. Earnest Shackleton makes his third trip to the continent, we meet the Soviet surgeon who took matters into his own hands, learn how polar medicine has changed since the early days, and see what we can carry forward for the future exploration of the poles and beyond.
Map of the routes of the ships Endurance and Aurora, the support team route, and the planned trans-Antarctic route of the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1914–15.
Red = Voyage of Endurance
Yellow = Drift of Endurance in pack ice
Green = Sea ice drift after Endurance sinks
Dark Blue = Voyage of the lifeboat James Caird
Light Blue = Planned trans-Antarctic route
Orange = Voyage of Aurora to Antarctica
Pink = Retreat of Aurora
Brown = Supply depot route
Text and image from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shackleton_Endurance_Aurora_map2.png
Ernest Shackleton 1909
Image from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton#/media/File:Ernest_Shackleton_before_1909.jpg
The Endurance trapped in ice
Image from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)#/media/File:Endurance3.jpg
Launching the James Caird from Elephant Island
Image From: http://www.jamescairdsociety.com/
South Georgia Island
Image from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/south-georgia-island-a-wilderness-replenished-1454688892
The James Caird on display at Dulwich College in South London
Image from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Caird_bow.jpg
Amundsen with his supplies and chosen transport method of dogs near the south pole.
Scott's south polar expedition manhauling supplies
Dr. Leonid Rogozov operating himself to remove his appendix in Antarctica, 1961
Image from: https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/leonid-rogozov-appendix-1961/
The 1997 south pole skydiving team pre jump.
Image from: http://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/90s/skydive.html